Introduction

In recent years, cannabidiol (CBD) has garnered growing interest among natural product consumers. This enthusiasm is manifested in various forms, including CBD Hash, a concentrated form of cannabidiol derived from hemp. At the same time, some people wonder if this product could be beneficial for their pets. Questions arise: Can CBD Hash be legally offered to a dog or cat in Switzerland? What are the potential benefits or risks? And most importantly, what do scientific studies really say?

In this article, we will review Swiss regulations concerning CBD Hash, its effects on animals, and the available scientific evidence. We will also share some practical advice for pet owners. This article is purely informative, and before considering any changes in an animal’s diet or treatment, it is strongly recommended to seek the advice of a veterinarian.

What is CBD Hash?

CBD Hash is a product obtained from the resin of hemp flowers with low THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) content. Unlike recreational cannabis, CBD Hash contains less than 1% THC when it complies with Swiss legislation (Ordinance on Narcotics Control, OCStup-S, art. 2, consulted in 2023). This low THC content means it does not produce the psychotropic effect associated with traditional marijuana. On the other hand, CBD Hash is rich in cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive molecule that is attracting increasing interest in the scientific community.

How is CBD Hash Made?

1. Selection of legal hemp varieties: Only registered and authorized hemp varieties in Switzerland can be used for CBD Hash production. They must contain less than 1% THC (Hemp Ordinance, 2011, art. 12).
2. Resin extraction: Typically, dry sifting or cold extraction is used. The goal is to collect trichomes (resin glands) rich in cannabinoids.
3. Pressing or mixing: The trichomes are then pressed or heated at low temperatures to form a compact resinous paste: CBD Hash.

This method generally ensures a high CBD content while keeping THC below the legal threshold of 1% in Switzerland.

What Does Swiss Legislation Say?

Switzerland is one of the first European countries to explicitly authorize the commercialization of cannabidiol-based products, as long as the THC content remains below 1%. According to current legislation (Narcotics Ordinance, OStup, 2011), CBD products are not considered narcotics if they meet this critical condition.

However, when it comes to animals, the situation becomes more complex. The use of dietary supplements or therapeutic products for animals is governed by the Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs (FSVO). For an owner wishing to administer CBD to their animal, it is important to know that:

• The FSVO still considers CBD for animals as a product requiring further scientific evaluation (information confirmed by internal FSVO communications, 2022).
• The addition of active substances (including CBD) to animal feed is subject to strict controls and may require special authorization, according to art. 6 of the Ordinance on Additives for Animal Feed (2020).

In practice, these rules mean it is preferable to consult a veterinarian before administering CBD Hash to an animal, to verify legal compliance and avoid any health risks.

How CBD Works in Animals

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a set of receptors, enzymes, and endogenous molecules present in most mammals, including dogs and cats (Gamble LJ et al., Front Vet Sci, 2018, study on the pharmacokinetics of CBD in dogs). This system is involved in regulating multiple physiological functions, including pain, mood, sleep, and appetite. CBD primarily acts on the CB1 and CB2 receptors of this system:

• CB1 receptors are mainly found in the central nervous system and are involved in pain perception and mood modulation.
• CB2 receptors are more located in the immune system and play a role in inflammation regulation.

Unlike THC, which binds strongly to CB1 receptors and can cause psychotropic effects, CBD has a less direct affinity for these receptors. Additionally, CBD may modulate the action of other systems such as serotonin. This complex interaction could explain its potential effects on pain, anxiety, or inflammation (McGrath S et al., Am J Vet Res, 2019).

Physiological Particularities in Dogs

In dogs, the concentration of CB1 receptors is particularly high in the cerebellum and brainstem. This aspect makes them potentially more sensitive to the effects of cannabinoids, including THC, which justifies even more caution in administering any hemp-based product (Gamble LJ et al., 2018).

Particularities in Cats

Cats also have CB1 and CB2 receptors, but their distribution is not identical to that in dogs. Few studies have focused on the effect of CBD in cats, increasing uncertainties about its use in this species (Kogan LR et al., Animals, 2020). Caution is therefore necessary, especially since cats metabolize certain molecules differently from dogs and may exhibit unpredictable reactions.

What Do Scientific Studies Say?

Scientific research on the safe and effective use of CBD in animals is still limited, although growing. Here are some major references:

1. Gamble LJ et al., 2018: This study, conducted on dogs with osteoarthritis, revealed that administering CBD (2 mg per kg of body weight, twice a day) could lead to a reduction in pain perceived by owners and an improvement in mobility. Reported adverse effects were minor but included an increase in alkaline phosphatase (a liver enzyme).
2. McGrath S et al., 2019: In this study, healthy dogs received different doses of CBD to assess side effects and tolerance. The authors observed some mild gastrointestinal disturbances and an increase in liver enzymes, highlighting the importance of veterinary monitoring.
3. Kogan LR et al., 2020 (Article published in the journal Animals): Researchers studied pet owners’ perceptions of CBD. Although the results do not constitute a clinical trial, they highlight the growing public interest and the need for further research, especially in cats.

None of these studies definitively confirm or refute the long-term efficacy or safety of CBD Hash for animals, especially since experimental protocols vary and do not all target the same form of CBD. The current consensus is as follows: encouraging preliminary data exist, but they require further validation.

Potential Benefits for Animals

According to some clinical trials and veterinary observations, several potential benefits of CBD could be mentioned. We speak here of “potentialities” because concrete evidence, although developing, is not yet sufficient to establish firm recommendations.

1. Anti-inflammatory Effect
   CBD is studied for its anti-inflammatory properties, which could help relieve certain chronic pains like arthritis or joint inflammation (Gamble LJ et al., 2018).

2. Anxiety Reduction
   In humans, CBD is being researched for its anxiolytic action. Although there is no total certainty about the transposition of these results to animals, many veterinarians are intrigued by the possibility that CBD could also reduce anxiety in dogs or cats.

3. Aid in Relaxation
   In some cases, the relaxing effect of CBD could help an animal stressed by a change of environment or a prolonged journey, but these hypotheses remain to be confirmed by more rigorous studies.

Risks and Side Effects

Despite these potential benefits, CBD Hash is not without risks for animal health, especially when improperly dosed or of poor quality. Here are some precautions to consider:

1. Overdose and Confusion with THC
   Even if Swiss law imposes a THC content < 1%, a poorly labeled product or one from an uncontrolled production may sometimes present too high THC levels. In animals, THC can cause severe symptoms such as lethargy, disorientation, vomiting, and, in extreme cases, seizures (Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs, note of 2022).

2. Drug Interactions
   CBD is metabolized by the liver, via enzymes (mainly cytochrome P450). Some medications (antibiotics, antiepileptics, painkillers) use the same metabolic pathways, which can lead to dangerous interactions if the CBD dose is not adjusted (McGrath S et al., 2019).

3. Liver Issues
   In several studies, an elevation of liver enzymes was observed in dogs taking CBD, even at low doses. It is therefore essential to monitor liver function in dogs receiving CBD over a long period (Gamble LJ et al., 2018).

4. Product Quality
   Not all CBD Hash products are equal. Some manufacturers may fail to provide a lab analysis proving compliance with the legal THC level or the absence of harmful substances (heavy metals, pesticides). Before purchasing, it is important to verify the product’s compliance with the seller or through an independent analysis.

Practical Advice if You Consider CBD Hash for Your Animal

1. Consult a Veterinarian First

The first step is always to discuss with your veterinarian. They know the animal’s history and can determine if there are any contraindications. They will also provide advice on dosage and required clinical monitoring.

2. Choose a Quality Product

• Opt for a reputable Swiss brand: ensure the THC content < 1% and that the product complies with legislation.
• Demand a certificate of analysis: a good manufacturer provides a lab report detailing the cannabidiol and THC content.
• Check for contaminant-free labeling: ensure that the CBD Hash has been tested for the presence of pesticides and heavy metals.

3. Start with a Low Dose

Although studies often suggest doses of 2 mg of CBD per kg of body weight for dogs (Gamble LJ et al., 2018), each animal reacts differently. It is prudent to start with a lower dose and closely monitor reactions, especially in cats where scientific data is rarer.

4. Monitor Your Animal’s Reactions

• Behavioral changes: lethargy, agitation, anxiety, or conversely, apathy.
• Digestive symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, or loss of appetite.
• Liver function: if possible, perform a blood test before and after introducing CBD.

In case of doubt or adverse effects, consult a veterinarian promptly.

5. Avoid Prolonged Self-medication

If CBD Hash seems to help your animal in the short term (for example, to manage a temporary anxiety episode), do not resort to it systematically in the long term without adequate follow-up. The risk of drug interactions and effects on the liver requires constant vigilance.

The Importance of Legislation and Transparency

Switzerland, by allowing the sale of CBD products under the 1% THC threshold, provides a clear legal framework for consumers. However, for animals, ambiguity remains due to the lack of specific FSVO guidelines and the scarcity of veterinary studies. It is precisely in this context that vendor transparency and owner caution are essential.

• Transparency: serious vendors must be able to answer questions about the origin, production method, and laboratory analyses.
• Caution: buying online or from unreliable sources increases the risk of obtaining a poor-quality or illegal product.

Pet owners must keep in mind that in the absence of official recognition, they assume increased responsibility in therapeutic decisions for their four-legged companions.

Conclusion

CBD Hash is attracting growing interest for its potentially beneficial qualities, not only in humans but also in animals. In Switzerland, legislation allows CBD if the THC content remains below 1%, making its purchase free, under certain conditions, for humans. Regarding its use in dogs or cats, caution is advised: the regulatory framework remains unclear, and scientific studies, although encouraging, are not yet numerous enough to fully validate long-term safety or efficacy.

If you are considering giving CBD Hash to your animal, the first step is to consult a veterinarian who can assess their specific situation and guide you in choosing a quality product. It is also crucial to remain vigilant about potential side effects, particularly increased liver enzymes or drug interactions. Finally, due to specific legal requirements and the importance of product quality, take care to select manufacturers who operate transparently and provide reliable laboratory analyses.

In summary, CBD Hash for animals is a rapidly evolving field: while some of its effects seem promising, other aspects still deserve thorough examination. Between Swiss legislation, veterinary science, and concerns related to our animals’ health, information, vigilance, and collaboration with qualified professionals remain the key words for making an informed and respectful choice for animal well-being.